Behavioral Cardiologist Interview Preparation Guide

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Interventional Cardiology - involves the use of intravascular catheter-based techniques with fluoroscopy to treat congenital cardiac, valvular and coronary artery diseases.

Dysrhythmia is an abnormal, irregular, defective and disturbed heart rhythm which is demonstrated by the Electrocardiographic tracing.

Blood Tracing is the process of tracing of the all capillaries, veins, arteries going from the right ventricle to the abdominal visceral organs and back up to the heart.

Cardiology is the study and treatment of disorders of the heart; it is a medical specialty which is involved in the care of all things associated with the heart and the arteries. A cardiologist is not the same as a cardiac surgeon - the cardiac surgeon opens the chest and performs heart surgery, a cardiologist, on the other hand, carries out tests and procedures, such as angioplasty.

I think you can . . . there's definitely a stress component to having a heart attack. There are people who, at football games have heart attacks, at roller coasters have heart attacks, downhill skiers occasionally have heart attacks.

he provides all types of immediate health care duties. He acts as a promoter for the children in approving the public education, entrance to the health care and services to the children. These procedures have guided to better development and health of young people or children as well as a dwindling of morbidity and mortality rates.

The term cardiovascular disease covers both heart and blood vessel disorders. To prevent these diseases, you must understand and be willing to modify the risk factors for them. These include:

☛ Cigarette smoking.
☛ High blood cholesterol.
☛ High blood pressure.
☛ Diabetes.
☛ Obesity.
☛ Lack of exercise.

There are several diseases of the Blood Vessels.

They are:
☛ Vaculitis,
☛ Aneurysm,
☛ ECS i.e. Economy Class Syndrome,
☛ Varicose veins,
☛ Atherosclerosis,
☛ Diseases of the Aorta and
☛ Carotid Arteries.

0.2% of the time.5 times.

there are so many differences. It depends upon the size of the body and the physiology of the adult and children. A major difference between a Pediatric and an adult medicine is that the children are minors and in most of jurisdictions they cannot make any decisions for themselves. Therefore, the issues of the responsibility, seclusion, legal responsibility and informed permission must always be considered. In a sense, Pediatricians have to ask their parents before treating the children.

diastolic rumple.

85% of PATIENTS having MI show evidence on EKG.

Daniel Hale Williams.

Due to negative intrathoracic pressure and antigravity direction valvesprevent backward flow of blood.

They are Artificial Heart, Heart Lung Machine, Ventricular Assist Device and Intra Aortic Balloon Pump.

Blood transfusion is required for many children who have heart surgery and sometimes for other reasons. Blood contains a variety of components, including the red blood cells which carry oxygen, proteins in the plasma and a number of special factors which are necessary for blood clotting to take place (e.g. platelets, fibrinogen, factor 8, etc.).

These components are sometimes given separately, e.g. platelets or plasma, where there is a problem needing treatment with specific blood products. It used to be thought that every child having heart surgery (especially open heart surgery) would need a blood transfusion. Nowadays, with much improved heart-lung bypass equipment, this is not always the case.

In young children (up to two or three years old) it is usually desirable to use blood products, as they may become severely or dangerously anaemic without them. In older children, depending on the complexity of the procedure and the amount of blood which they are likely to lose during the operation, it is often possible to manage without transfusion and when feasible, this is now the preferred option. All children will have their blood cross matched before surgery so that it is available if required.

Aerobic activity, such as swimming, brisk walking, running or biking, strengthens the heart. Cardiovascular disease ranks as number one killer, claiming the lives of more than 40% of those who die each year. So do regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Arrhythmias and neurocardiogenic syncope.

For return to normal range is between 36 to 72 hours.

A number of symptoms are associated with heart failure, but none is specific for the condition. Perhaps the best known symptom is shortness of breath (“Dyspnea”). In heart failure, this may result from excess fluid in the lungs. The breathing difficulties may occur at rest or during exercise. In some cases, congestion may be severe enough to prevent or interrupt sleep.

Fatigue or easy tiring is another common symptom. As the heart’s pumping capacity decreases, muscles and other tissues receive less oxygen and nutrition, which are carried in the blood. Without proper “Fuel”, the body cannot perform as much work, which translates into fatigue.

Fluid accumulation, or edema, may cause swelling of the feet, ankles, legs, and occasionally, the abdomen. Excess fluid retained by the body may result in weight gain, which sometimes occurs fairly quickly.

Persistent coughing is another common sign, especially coughing that regularly produces mucus or pink, blood–tinged sputum. Some people develop raspy breathing or wheezing.

CPK-MB's Coz they return normal after 4-5 days but the Troponins are raised for 4 weeks after 1st MI.

6 H's,,
☛ hypovolemia
☛ hypothermia
☛ hypoxia
☛ hypo/hyperkalemia
☛ hypoglycemia
☛ hydrogens (acidosis)

6 T's...
☛ trauma
☛ tablets/toxins
☛ thrombosis (MI)
☛ thrombosis (PE)
☛ tension PTX
☛ tamponade.

The normal heart is composed of four chambers. The two upper chambers (called atriums or atria) are reservoirs which collect blood as it flows back to the heart. From the atriums, blood flows into the lower two chambers (called ventricles) which pump blood, with each heart beat, into the main arteries. From the right side of the heart one of these arteries (the pulmonary artery) carries blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation. The left side of the heart pumps blood into the other main artery (the aorta), which takes blood to the rest of the body.

The two ventricles and the two atriums are separated by partitions called 'septums'. The partition between the atriums is called the 'atrial septum' and the one separating the two ventricles is the 'ventricular septum'. Dark red deoxygenated blood (shown blue in diagram) returns to the right atrium from the body through the two main veins called the 'superior vena cava' and 'inferior vena cava'. It is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs for replenishment with oxygen. The dark blood becomes bright red (shown red in diagram) in the lungs when oxygen is taken up. This red blood returns through two veins from each lung, to the left atrium and is pumped by the left ventricle to the body again.

The heart has its own internal pacemaker which controls its rhythmical beating. It creates an electrical impulse which causes firstly the atriums, and secondly the ventricles, to contract in turn. With each contraction the blood is pumped, then the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers refill with blood, ready for the next contraction.

A pacemaker is a device used to keep control of heart rhythm and rate, if the heart cannot control its own rate or rhythm adequately. Many infants and children experience temporary problems with their heart rate or rhythm in the early period after surgery. Therefore a temporary pacemaker is usually attached for a few days.

The pacemaker wires (which connect the device to the heart) are sewn to the outside of the heart at the time of an operation and emerge through the skin to be attached to the pacemaker, which remains outside the body. These wires will be removed after a few days, when the heart rhythm is normal and the child is recovering. The wires can be pulled out without reopening the wound and this does not damage the heart.

In a few children there may be a need to fit a permanent pacemaker. This is connected to the heart with one or two wires (a much longer lasting equivalent of the pacemaker wires referred to above).

The wires may be introduced either through a vein (and then attached to the inside of the heart), or at an operation (if they need to be connected to the outside of the heart). The pacemaker itself varies in size from a very tiny unit (the size of a twenty cent coin), which can be used for small babies, up to something more like a small pocket watch. The device may be placed under the skin in the upper abdomen or in front of an armpit.

The batteries in these pacemakers last for many years. The pacemaker, its wires and battery all need to be checked regularly (normally every six months) at an outpatient appointment. They will need to be surgically replaced if faulty.

You really can make a positive change to your risk of having a heart attack. Really, it is not something that you need to give up on. And even if you've had a historical lifestyle of smoking, not exercising, eating fatty foods, your destiny is not to have a heart attack. You can actually change your destiny and really reduce your risk of having a heart attack by stopping smoking, actively exercising, losing weight, etc. So I think that's really just key to be aware of.