Tricky C++ Inline Function Interview Preparation Guide

Download PDF

b. Function Overloading

c. Only 2,3,5

a. True

b. False

b. False

b. Function can't modify the argument

b. False

b. False

Explanation:
Default values need to be specified from Right to Left order.
Example:
void calculate(int amt, int years, float rate=7.8); //valid
void calculate(int amt, int years=5, float rate=7.8); //valid
void calculate(int amt=21000, int years, float rate=7.8); //Invalid
Third statement is invalid as we skipped second parameter of the function. Rule says that default values should be set from Right to Left order only. We cannot provide a default value to specific parameter in the middle of an parameter list.

b. Run time

c. Only 1,3,4

b. function is declared

d. int

a. True

The call to the body of the function is replaced by an inline function. This reduces the saving context on stack overhead. This process is efficient when the size of the function is small and invoked occasionally. Deep nesting of a method is done when a function is invoked recursively. The inline function is invoked recursively, and every call to itself is replaced with the body of the function, thus consumes a lot of code space.

Everyone should decide for themselves to use them, but the use of inline functions over macros is advocated by Bjarne Struoustrup, the creator of C++. The imperative features of inline functions are frequently used with classes in C++. There is similarity between invoking normal functions and inline functions, except that, inline functions are never actually called. The inline functions, as their name suggests, are expanded in line at every time of invocation. All that is needed to invoke an inline function is to prefix the key word 'inline' to the function.

A function when defined as INLINE, the code from the function definition is directly copied into the code of the calling function.

★ It avoids the overhead of calling the actual function. This is because the complier performs and inline expansion which eliminates the time overhead when a function is called.
★ Reduces space as no separate set of instructions in memory is written.

A macro is a fragment of code which has been given a name. Whenever the name is used, it is replaced by the contents of the macro. There are two kinds of macros: Object-like macros and function-like macros.

Inline function is a function that is expanded in line when the function is called. That is the compiler replaces the function call with the function code (similar to macros).

The disadvantage of using macros is that the usual error checking does not occur during compilation.

A textual substitution is provided by a macro as a constant, where as an inline function is procedure which is called at each time. Although the macros have few advantages over inline functions, the disadvantages are numerous. For example, a macro can not perform type checking and validation, as these operations are performed in a function at the most.

A static function can have an access to only other static members (functions or variables) declared in the same class.
A static member function can be called using the class name instead of its objects.
E.g. classname :: functionname;

An inline function is a combination of macro & function. At the time of declaration or definition, function name is preceded by word inline.

When inline functions are used, the overhead of function call is eliminated. Instead, the executable statements of the function are copied at the place of each function call. This is done by the compiler.

Consider following example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

inline int sqr(int x)
{
int y;
y = x * x;
return y;
}
int main()
{
int a =3, b;
b = sqr(a);
cout <<b;
return 0;
}

When the function is defined Inline, the C++ compiler puts the function body inside the calling function. You can define function as Inline when the function body is small and need to be called many times, thus reduces the overhead in calling a function like passing values, passing control, returning values, returning control.

Static member functions are used to maintain a single copy of a class member function across various objects of the class. Static member functions can be called either by itself, independent of any object, by using class name and :: (scope resolution operator) or in connection with an object.

Restrictions on static member functions are:
1. They can directly refer to other static members of the class.
2. Static member functions do not have this pointer.
3. Static member function can not be virtual.

A macro is a fragment of code which has been given a name. Whenever the name is used, it is replaced by the contents of the macro. There are two kinds of macros: Object-like macros and function-like macros.

Inline function is a function that is expanded in line when the function is called. That is the compiler replaces the function call with the function code (similar to macros).

The disadvantage of using macros is that the usual error checking does not occur during compilation..

The call to the body of the function is replaced by an inline function. This reduces the saving context on stack overhead. This process is efficient when the size of the function is small and invoked occasionally. Deep nesting of a method is done when a function is invoked recursively. The inline function is invoked recursively, and every call to itself is replaced with the body of the function, thus consumes a lot of code space.

A function when defined as INLINE, the code from the function definition is directly copied into the code of the calling function.

It avoids the overhead of calling the actual function. This is because the complier performs and inline expansion which eliminates the time overhead when a function is called.
Reduces space as no separate set of instructions in memory is written.