Metallurgy Question: Download Metallurgy PDF

Due to the consumption of a large amount of fossil energies to purify, ferrous alloys are not environmental. USA has stopped most of its steel mills, and the strategy is to concentrate mills in the developing countries. In non-ferrous alloys, let us consider only the mostly used alloys, which are copper alloys (including copper, brass, and bronze) and aluminum alloys. Because the rest are produced so much less than mentioned alloys that they are not actually a threat to the environment, furthermore, they are mostly extracted during refining Fe, Al, and Cu. Production of Cu and AL involves melting and electrolyzes procedures. However, the energy per kilogram pure Al needs is much higher than even Fe, but the most of the energy is electrical and much cleaner than that used for Fe. For Cu, through pirometallurgy methods a large amount of energy is gained autogenously, i.e. exothermal reactions occurred during copper making process supply a large amount of energy needed, but it involves producing products that are not environment. There are hydrometallurgy methods to produce copper, which are more environment-friendly.